You made the right choice. Welcome to Android Community and to the shiny happy world of Android.
All Android phones, just like the iPhone, will not last a day with heavy use (hours of web browsing + calling). In fact, nearly all Android phones, iPhones, and Blackberries, have similar battery life in usage tests.
All but one Android phones have capacitative touch screens. They're all the same, in terms of responsiveness, as each other and the iPhone.
However, different Android phones have different processors. A faster processor will allow the OS or App to respond quicker to your touch. So I think this is what you really mean.
If an N1 is too expensive, consider a Motorola Droid (also called the Motorola Milestone elsewhere in the world). This will give you Android 2.X which is very nice.
Many versions of the HTC Hero run the Sense UI, which is a love/hate thing. It looks very nice, but can be much slower and there are huge delays in updating it because of the massive amount of customisation involved.
You're best answering thundermax's questions, as they're relevant to giving you good advice here.
There's a pretty good comparison of nearly all of the older (more than a few months) Android phones here: http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/10/19/android-galore-a-complete-list-of-the-android-phones-and-their-specs-droid-best/