which methods used to determine the mass of a cluster does not depend on newton's

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tiongsquare

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law of gravity? A. Measuring the amount of distortion caused by a gravitational lens.
B. Measuring the temperature of X-ray gas in the intracluster medium.
C. Measuring the orbital velocities of galaxies in a cluster.
D. None of the above.
 
It's certainly not C.

Are you allowed to choose more than one answer? If so, I guess answers A and B could both be true.

Gravitational lensing involves principles of the general theory of relativity, so it does not involve Newton's simplistic laws.

Deducing the properties of a galactic cluster by observing the X-ray emission of its gas is quite common and it can lead to the mass of the entire cluster if certain assumptions are made.
 
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