what type of road bike is recommended for a person 5'10 280lbs.?

Your local bike shop is the place to shop and get questions answered.

I'd recommend you get an entry level road bike, about 54 cm. Ride it until something breaks, probably a spoke. Or, maybe nothing.

In other words, don't modify anything until you have to.

Because of your weight, you may have to replace the rims with stronger models. May not. Just wait and see.

Tires. Again don't switch 'til you find you need to. Then go to a puncture resistent Schwable, Continental, or Vittoria. Just make sure it's got a kevlar or similar belt.
 
Your best bet would be to go to a local bike shop and either have them fit you to a frame or try some out. Frame size is really more than just your height. It depends on your leg length, arm length, torso length, etc.

As far as rims and tires, talk to the bike shop about them as well. The more expensive tires generally last longer, such as the Michelin Pro's, but I have had good luck with even the cheapest tires available from the LBS. Hope this helps.
 
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