What is the most ancient civilization known to mankind?

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Ancient Mesopotamia is widely believed to be the first known human civilization. It corresponds to modern Iraq, as well as parts of modern Turkey, Syria, and Iran. It is part of the Fertile Crescent, which also includes Levant (most of modern Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian Territories and Syria). The fertile crescent is most commonly cited by scholars as the birthplace of civilization. Some also include Anatolia, the Persian plateau, the Indus river in India, and the Yellow river in China. However, there was not a single birth of civilization, but rather several independent developments of civilization, of which the Middle Eastern Neolithic era, from 9500-8000 BC, was first. Following it, civilizations developed in East Asia, the Andes, and Mesoamerica. Ancient Egypt and Sumer were first to develop writing.
 
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