I think the threat of spanking is often sufficient but only if you've had one before. KiRAB who have never been spanked have no reason to submit to authority if they don't fear the consequences of their actions. Time outs, loss of priveleges, etc. may work for some but not all and certainly not many toddlers. I have often found the most vocal anti-spankers to have no children. Big surprise there. The worst behaved kiRAB I know all come from non-spanking families. If some kiRAB behave without ever having to be spanked it proves nothing.