Wattage doesn't increase as your volume increases. The voltage output across your speaker ports are increased (in most cases, anyways).
Stereo wattage is based on the amount of wattage the speaker outputs can produce.
Using Ohms Law, V=IR and P=IV, you can see that resistance plays an important part. With a constant voltage, as your impedance lowers, your amps increase. They're indirectly proportional. So, when your speaker ports are rated for 8ohms, you cannot hook up speakers that are less than 8ohms, otherwise, you'll pull too much current from your ports and run the risk of blowing your stereo.
To answer your first question, you can read the label on your stereo near the power cord. It usually lists the voltage and input amp values. Multiply the two, and you end up with the wattage that the stereo pulls from the outlet on the wall.