Copyright laws and anonymous literature?

Someone

New member
I've been wandering just what I would be allowed to publish in a novel. Say a character is talking about a certain brand, or they pass a billboard that said a particular thing, they're listening to a particular song, or wearing a particular outfit. Do I have to ask permission and pay some kind of royalty for all of that stuff?

And say I found a few paragraphs or even an idea or a sentence that nobody in particular claims to be theirs just floating around the internet, such as a description of a terrifying creature, a short, unnerving story on one of those anonymous material collection websites, etc.

And what about fairy tales and children books? Would I be allowed to mention them, quote them, or completely rewrite them (such as taking little red riding hood and making it a gruesome adult novel)?
 
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