Technically, yes, but they would have to have access to either network information, or police/national security databases.
Otherwise, the only way would be to report you as "missing" but they would have to be a family member/confirmed close friend, and the police would be heavily involved.
So if you're planning to run away, then yeah, your parents can track you down...if you're worried about a psycho ex, then no, they can't, unless they happen to be a CIA special agent.
