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Close-up images of Saturn’s rings show a number of dark, straight features called... ...“spokes.”? Close-up images of Saturn’s rings show a number of dark, straight features called “spokes.” As these features orbit around Saturn, they tend to retain their shape like the rigid spokes on a...

the impacts of meteoroids, a? The surfaces of Mercury, the Moon, and Mars are riddled with craters formed by the impacts of meteoroids, asteroids, and comets. Most of these impact craters are billions of years old. By contrast, there are only a few conspicuous craters on Earth’s surface, and...

damage to living organisms.....? The fast moving charged particles of the solar wind can cause serious tissue damage to living organisms. Astronauts in space have to worry about this hazard. On Earth’s surface, the thickness of the atmosphere above the ground does much to protect us, but the...