All essays makes a statement and the statement is a point supported by a proof with a comment on how our understanding has grown or changed based upon this research.
A standard essay contains three parts
OpeningBodyClosing
Each part of an essay is composed of paragraphs.
All paragraphs are composed of three elements.
PointProofComment.
The first paragraph is called a "thesis". A thesis (or hypothesis) is an assertion of a truth: All red balls are red. This asserts a truth. A thesis is also a GUESS based upon observations.
A thesis is an opening statement which serves as the hook from which one can hang the proofs. As you go along you comment on whether the assertion is holding up. In the final paragraph you may have changed your opinion. That is fine. That is research. An essay should cover intellectual ground, that is, move your understanding from one point to another or deepen it. You can conclude an essay with the statement "The opening thesis has not withstood the analysis and is false." That is fine. You do not have to conclude that but I make this point that a thesis is just a guess although one based upon evidence and observation.
A small essay may look like this:
The opening paragraph asserts a truth, proves that the assertion is valid by pointing to evidence, and then makes a comment on why the point is of interest. The comment turns around and looks at the truth and explains where the truth points us.
Point: All red balls are red.
Proof: Red balls collected from all parts of the globe and studied by experts in color have concluded that all red balls are red.
Comment: Accordingly funding for further study has been denied based upon the matter being classified as worthy of notice only.
The body of the essay may make three points that support the opening point. The three points are dealt with separately in three paragraphs in accordance with the format.
Support Point 1. The work of Sampson and Goliath tells us that all balls gathered in Asia were determined to be of a red color.
Supporting proof 1. The records of Sampson and Goliath were preserved in a mudslide and are considered to be accurate recounts.
Comment. This study is probative of the premise that all red balls are red since all red balls in Asia are red.
Support Point 2. The work of Sodom and Ghemorra done a century later expanded the study in Europe.
Proof of point 2. Their work was conducted under the scrutiny of J who was credited with diligence and precision as a reputation.
Comment. The Asia study is confirmed by the European Study.
Support Point 3. This matter was ordered closed by the Emperor after riots broke out over fraudulent claims of some red balls as being brown. The Emperor was unsuccessful in keeping the matter closed. Proof 3. The excavations of Utrichia discovered wall paintings. At that time paint specialist had devised new techniques for analyzing pigment. It was found that brown changed into red over time.
Comment. The purity of the Asian study and the European study was now open to question.
The final paragraph has the same format but it synthesizes the three points in the body as its point. It reviews the proofs by linking them together. Then it makes a comment.
Final Point: While all red balls are red, not all balls are red and this alters the purity of findings on red balls. The third point in this essay examined ancient wall paintings and the proof therein tells us that some pigment change color over time.
The comment of the final paragraph should contrast the opening point and the final point.
Final comment. It may be the case that not all red balls are red all of the time. Funding for new studies on this matter will be give preference to those who demonstrate valid suspicions regarding the true color of other balls. We will not consider squares or triangles at this time.
The final comment and the opening premise should cover some intellectual distance. In other words the opening premise should evolve into the closing comment or stand in opposition to it. Research means to learn about something. You are going to examine the nature of a matter by showing how it develops or you are going to examine the nature of a matter by contrasting it to what it is not.
Citation is the name of the source, the author, and an identification of where in the work your information can be found. Primarily the goal is to keep yourself clean of claiming credit for the work of others as well as proving that your research has been intelligent. Example: Asian Red Balls and Their Predecessors, by Sampson and Goliath, Pompeii Collection, facsimile release 1990 by Excavations International, files 112 to 117.
Research is incredibly simple. Just remember POINT PROOF COMMENT over and over and over. Every point you make should have proof and a comment. Every proof you use should have a point and a comment. Every comment should have a point and proof. Every essay is making a p