The idea that law applies equally to everyone from king to pauper. Greeks had democracy but it didn't apply to everyone.
A lot of the details of how the laws are interpreted, such as what is self-defense killing, vs. murder, are imbedded in Judaism & taken from there. Prior civilizations had laws & punishments, but they applied differently to different status & it didn't seem to go into the careful detail of spelling out these moral dilemmas.
Monotheism brings a concept of ONE PLANET -- where we all are one community under god & not just different kingdoms worshipping our own Gods. Even if you don't believe in monotheism - it was a conceptual paradigm shift for the world. It's in part why the concept of peace for all can even exist.
