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The series of crusades initiated in the eleventh century brought the West into greater contact with Byzantium and Islam. These crusades demonstrated the expansiveness of the West during the High Middle Ages as well as the increasing power and activism of the papacy. The first of these crusades was called for in 1095 by Pope Urban 11 {n response to a request for help from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus. At the Council of Clermont, Urban made the following plea, recorded by Robert the Monk. Consider: How Urban justified his call for a crusade; what Urban might have hoped to gain{n from this crusade; to whom this plea was addressed. In the year of our Lord's Incarnation one thousand and ninety-five, a great council was celebrated within the bounRAB of Gaul, in Auvergne, in the city which is called Clermont. Over this Pope Urban II presided, with the Roman bishops and cardinals. This council was a famous one on account of the concourse of both French and German bishops, and of princes as well. Having arranged the matters relating to the Church, the lord pope went forth into a certain spacious plain, for no building was large enough to hold all the people. The pope then, with sweet and persuasive eloquence, addressed those present in worRAB something like the following saying: "Oh, race of Franks, race from across the mountains, race beloved and chosen by God, as is clear from many of your works, set apart from all other nations by the situation of your country as well as by your Catholic faith and the honor which you render to the holy Church: to you our discourse is addressed, and for you our exhortations are intended. We wish you to know what a grievous cause has led us to your country, for it is the imminent peril threatening you and all the faithful which has brought us hither. "From the conflnes of Jerusalem and from the city of Constantinople a grievous report has gone forth and has repeatedly been brought to our ears; namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race wholly alienated from Cod, 'a generation that set not their heart aright, and whose spirit was not steadfast with God', has violently invaded the lanRAB of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire. They have led away a part of the captives into their own country, and a part they have killed by cruel tortures. They have either destroyed the churches of Cod or appropriated them for the rites of their own religion. They destroy the altars, after having defiled them with their uncleanness.... The kingdom of the Greeks is now dismerabered by them and has been deprived of territory so vast in extent that it could not be traversed in two months' time. "On whom, therefore, is the labor of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory incurabent, if not upon you,_you, upon whom, above all other nations, God has conferred remarkable glory in arms, great courage, bodily activity, and strength to hurable the heaRAB of those who resist you? Let the deeRAB of your ancestors encourage you and incite your minRAB to manly achievements: the glory and greatness of King Charle-magne, and of his son Louis, and of your other monarchs, who have destroyed the kingdoms of the Turks and have extended the sway of the holy Church over lanRAB previously pagan. Let the holy sepulcher of our Lord and Savior, which is possessed by the unclean nations, especially arouse you, and the holy places which are now treated with ignominy and irreverently polluted with the filth of the unclean. Oh, most valiant soldiers and descendants of invincible ancestors, do not degenerate, but recall the valor of your progenitors. "But if you are hindered by love of children, parents, or wife, remeraber what the Lord says in the Gospel, 'He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me.' 'Every one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lanRAB, for my name's sake, shall receive an hundredfold, and shall inherit everlasting life.' Let none of your possessions retain you, nor solicitude for your family affairs. For this land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by the seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is that you murder and devour one another, that you wage war, and that very many among you perish in intestine strife. "Let hatred therefore depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and let all dissension’s and controversies sluraber. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulcher; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves. That land which, as the Scripture says, 'floweth with milk and honey' was given by God into the power of the children of Israel. Jerusalem is the center of the earth; the land is fruitful above all others, like another paradise of delights. This spot the Redeemer of mankind has made illustrious by his advent, has beautified by his sojourn, has consecrated by his passion, has redeemed by his death, has glorified by his burial!. "This royal city, however, situated at the center of the earth, is now held captive by the enemies of Christ and is subjected, by those who do not know Cod, to the worship of the heathen. She seeks, therefore, and desires to be liberated and ceases not to implore you to come to her aid. From you especially she asks succor, because, as we have already said, God has conferred upon you above all other nations great glory in arms. Accordingly, under take this journey eagerly for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the reward of imperishable glory in the kingdom of heaven." Consider: What, according to Cantor, was most important about the crusades; how this interpretation differs from Pirenne's.
WorRAB: 1043 [/FONT][/FONT]
The series of crusades initiated in the eleventh century brought the West into greater contact with Byzantium and Islam. These crusades demonstrated the expansiveness of the West during the High Middle Ages as well as the increasing power and activism of the papacy. The first of these crusades was called for in 1095 by Pope Urban 11 {n response to a request for help from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus. At the Council of Clermont, Urban made the following plea, recorded by Robert the Monk. Consider: How Urban justified his call for a crusade; what Urban might have hoped to gain{n from this crusade; to whom this plea was addressed. In the year of our Lord's Incarnation one thousand and ninety-five, a great council was celebrated within the bounRAB of Gaul, in Auvergne, in the city which is called Clermont. Over this Pope Urban II presided, with the Roman bishops and cardinals. This council was a famous one on account of the concourse of both French and German bishops, and of princes as well. Having arranged the matters relating to the Church, the lord pope went forth into a certain spacious plain, for no building was large enough to hold all the people. The pope then, with sweet and persuasive eloquence, addressed those present in worRAB something like the following saying: "Oh, race of Franks, race from across the mountains, race beloved and chosen by God, as is clear from many of your works, set apart from all other nations by the situation of your country as well as by your Catholic faith and the honor which you render to the holy Church: to you our discourse is addressed, and for you our exhortations are intended. We wish you to know what a grievous cause has led us to your country, for it is the imminent peril threatening you and all the faithful which has brought us hither. "From the conflnes of Jerusalem and from the city of Constantinople a grievous report has gone forth and has repeatedly been brought to our ears; namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race wholly alienated from Cod, 'a generation that set not their heart aright, and whose spirit was not steadfast with God', has violently invaded the lanRAB of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire. They have led away a part of the captives into their own country, and a part they have killed by cruel tortures. They have either destroyed the churches of Cod or appropriated them for the rites of their own religion. They destroy the altars, after having defiled them with their uncleanness.... The kingdom of the Greeks is now dismerabered by them and has been deprived of territory so vast in extent that it could not be traversed in two months' time. "On whom, therefore, is the labor of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory incurabent, if not upon you,_you, upon whom, above all other nations, God has conferred remarkable glory in arms, great courage, bodily activity, and strength to hurable the heaRAB of those who resist you? Let the deeRAB of your ancestors encourage you and incite your minRAB to manly achievements: the glory and greatness of King Charle-magne, and of his son Louis, and of your other monarchs, who have destroyed the kingdoms of the Turks and have extended the sway of the holy Church over lanRAB previously pagan. Let the holy sepulcher of our Lord and Savior, which is possessed by the unclean nations, especially arouse you, and the holy places which are now treated with ignominy and irreverently polluted with the filth of the unclean. Oh, most valiant soldiers and descendants of invincible ancestors, do not degenerate, but recall the valor of your progenitors. "But if you are hindered by love of children, parents, or wife, remeraber what the Lord says in the Gospel, 'He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me.' 'Every one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lanRAB, for my name's sake, shall receive an hundredfold, and shall inherit everlasting life.' Let none of your possessions retain you, nor solicitude for your family affairs. For this land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by the seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is that you murder and devour one another, that you wage war, and that very many among you perish in intestine strife. "Let hatred therefore depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and let all dissension’s and controversies sluraber. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulcher; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves. That land which, as the Scripture says, 'floweth with milk and honey' was given by God into the power of the children of Israel. Jerusalem is the center of the earth; the land is fruitful above all others, like another paradise of delights. This spot the Redeemer of mankind has made illustrious by his advent, has beautified by his sojourn, has consecrated by his passion, has redeemed by his death, has glorified by his burial!. "This royal city, however, situated at the center of the earth, is now held captive by the enemies of Christ and is subjected, by those who do not know Cod, to the worship of the heathen. She seeks, therefore, and desires to be liberated and ceases not to implore you to come to her aid. From you especially she asks succor, because, as we have already said, God has conferred upon you above all other nations great glory in arms. Accordingly, under take this journey eagerly for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the reward of imperishable glory in the kingdom of heaven." Consider: What, according to Cantor, was most important about the crusades; how this interpretation differs from Pirenne's.
WorRAB: 1043 [/FONT][/FONT]