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The Impact of the Second Industrial Revolution on Europe
One century after Britain had under gone the first Industrial Revolution, a second begun. Industry made its way across continental Europe. It was this Second Industrial Revolution that would change Europe and the rest of the world forever. Along with technological advances the Second Industrial Revolution would bring many social consequences that would all have an effect on the world, as we knew it.
The Industrial Revolution was first a technological Revolution. The most important aspect of the revolution was the way it changed the production and transportation of gooRAB, It was the year 1750, when the British Phenomena of the Power Engine was discovered. The discovery of unlimited energy from resources such as coal was more efficient. Before this discovery the type of energy which was used up to this time was that of human and animal power. It is this discovery in which allowed Britain to start mass production, which increased their output with same input.
There are many reasons why the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain. The first was the endless amount of raw material they received by the many colonies. These raw materials were things like cotton, silk, and tobacco. This is why at first that the industrial revolution just started in the textiles industry with machines that where able to produce such items as clothing very cheaply. Great Britain had sole control over the market with its supply of raw materials, and the new technology. However as communication increase it spread across to continental Europe as well as other industries, besides textiles. By the year 1850 the rest of Europe began to follow Great Britain in industrialization however they could not compete. In order to compete with Britain European countries were forced to placed high tariRAB on British gooRAB in order to protect their own industries. Britain could not undersell in Europe.
It dramatically changes the practices of agriculture. With many farmers leaving the countryside for jobs in the factories there were less farmers cultivating the land. This was not a problem due to the new technology which used, the application of energy obtain from inorganic materials to machines, which was more faster and easier than human and animal labor. Now these machines allowed less farmers to supply a surplus of crops. Other technological advances in agriculture were chemical fertilizers, which helped protect the crops from insects.
It was also during this time in which the industrialization moved from textiles to steel. The movement to steel gave rise to mechanized transportation. The amount of railroad increased from 300klm to 300,000km from 1830 to 1870. Steel also gave rise for bigger ships. Not only could countries be able to ship products but also they could employ soldiers quicker. Traveling was no longer a high-risk adventure like it was in the previous century and solely for trade proposes. As technology increased coal and iron gave way to new sources of energy which involved electrify and internal corabustion. However the raw materials in which these new means used, like copper and rubber, were found in overseas. Now these discoveries made most European countries get interested over seas
From 1870 up to the First World War, there was a new wave of Imperialism. This age of imperialism was driven by industrialization. It was made possible by the new technology in ship building, made easier by the implementations of canals and railroaRAB, and made safer by the new medical discoveries, however it was due to the need of raw materials that forced Europeans to look elsewhere.
One of the places they looked was Africa. During the previous era of imperialism Africa was unconquerable by Europeans due to diseases like that of Malaria in which Europeans were susceptible to. This was the opposite of the other areas in which were targets of the first stage of imperialism like that of the Americas, where it was the natives whom where killed by European disease. The development of quinine opened up Africa. Quinine was a medical advancement in which protected Europeans from Malaria. Africa was very attractive to the Europeans due to its rich supply of raw materials. Africa and all it’s rich land was spilt between the European countries. Most of the continent went to Britain and France. Belgium acquired the very rich land of the Congo. Germany and Italy were late comers and were forced to take parts that were not as profitable
As far as Europeans were concerned the colonies helped their economies, and therefore even though the treatment of the native inhabitants went against their cultural belief and fight for democracy they sought new ideologies in order to support their actions overseas. One of the ideologies was that of Social Darwinism, which is the belief that Europeans were superior due to biological means. The other ideology behind the new age of imperialism was "The White Mans Burden". This states that it was Europeans job to bring civilization to the rest of the world, and when they are civilized they will be ready to live on their own.
Along with the technological advances the Industrial Revolution brought forth many social consequences in Europe. One of these social consequences was Urbanization. There was a huge demographic shift when hundreRAB of thousanRAB country dwellers, who were once farmers, moved off their land into the cities across Europe. With factories located in major cities these farmers went in search of jobs as unskilled workers. They lived in overcrowd tenements or factory barracks, working long hours, often for very low wages. These new city residents and workers both drove the Industrial Revolution and Europe’s new prosperity and were its principal victims.
Disease was another social consequence in which effected the new workers of the cities across Europe. Tuberculosis was a major killer in 1870. TB is an airborne disease, which was spread rapidly by the overcrowded living conditions in the major cities of Europe. Another disease that effected the workers was Cholera that was caused by the water conditions and poor sanitation in the over populated areas. Do to the spread of disease many governments in the industrial countries helped improve the living conditions of the cities and supplied better housing and better sanitation with the implementation of sewers. Also was medical technology and practices improved. Hospital were no longer a place people went to die and feared.
There was a shift to a new economy based on capitalism, which is another social consequence of industrialism. Capitalism, is where the owners own the means of production and hire labor for wages to produce gooRAB for the market in hope to sell them for a profit. Since the labor market determined wages, and population was booming in the cities, wages were lower than ever. The workers had no sense of social mobility and were trapped with the increasing cost of living and stagnant wages. Factories exploited women and children because they would work for less. Their only weapon against their employers in protest of their poor working conditions and low wages was to strike. Trade unions were form in order to protect the workers rights and allowed them to organize and therefore become more powerful and allowed them to take a stand against the owners who controlled the capitalist society.
With the large size of the working class many governments took the worker’s side against the factories in fear of revolution. The governments had two choices either gradualism, which extended the vote or revolution. Most governments decided to extend the vote and loose political power and avoid a revolution, which had been wide spread in Europe, ever since the French Revolution. As trade unions became a political power in lobby the government by representing a large percent of voters there was dramatic change in conditions of the cities and factories. Gradually rising wages and growing political support helped lift the working class from a miserable to a yet more tolerable living standard in the urban cities.
Along with capitalism came socialism was an ideology inspired out of industrialization. Many felt that the society had a responsibility to the well benefit of each meraber. Across Europe there was a rise of Social Democratic parties which came to fight for the interest of the working people. They fought for state reforms, public education, welfare, social security and the protection of Human Rights. There were a nuraber of great socialist thinkers, like that of Marx and Engel and Lenin.
Along with social consequence there were obvious global consequences. The world was definitely getting smaller, with the span of technology. The spreading of ideas, as well as gooRAB was much faster and cheaper than before. Now that people were employed and working for wages they were able to have purchasing power. This was a power that before the revolution was limited to the very wealthy. There was now a global market for the gooRAB being produced. With the constant search for colonies outside for Europe for natural resource in order to support the industrial revolution there were many conflicts and wars over land, usage of the technology, such as canals and railroaRAB. The vote was extended and governments became more of a democratic. And more involved in regulating businesses and helping the citizens.
At the end of the 20th century we can look back and look favorable towarRAB the industrial revolution and look pass the consequences the industrial has brought along with technology. Not only did the Second Industrial Revolution have an infect on Europe but the way the world we know today.
One century after Britain had under gone the first Industrial Revolution, a second begun. Industry made its way across continental Europe. It was this Second Industrial Revolution that would change Europe and the rest of the world forever. Along with technological advances the Second Industrial Revolution would bring many social consequences that would all have an effect on the world, as we knew it.
The Industrial Revolution was first a technological Revolution. The most important aspect of the revolution was the way it changed the production and transportation of gooRAB, It was the year 1750, when the British Phenomena of the Power Engine was discovered. The discovery of unlimited energy from resources such as coal was more efficient. Before this discovery the type of energy which was used up to this time was that of human and animal power. It is this discovery in which allowed Britain to start mass production, which increased their output with same input.
There are many reasons why the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain. The first was the endless amount of raw material they received by the many colonies. These raw materials were things like cotton, silk, and tobacco. This is why at first that the industrial revolution just started in the textiles industry with machines that where able to produce such items as clothing very cheaply. Great Britain had sole control over the market with its supply of raw materials, and the new technology. However as communication increase it spread across to continental Europe as well as other industries, besides textiles. By the year 1850 the rest of Europe began to follow Great Britain in industrialization however they could not compete. In order to compete with Britain European countries were forced to placed high tariRAB on British gooRAB in order to protect their own industries. Britain could not undersell in Europe.
It dramatically changes the practices of agriculture. With many farmers leaving the countryside for jobs in the factories there were less farmers cultivating the land. This was not a problem due to the new technology which used, the application of energy obtain from inorganic materials to machines, which was more faster and easier than human and animal labor. Now these machines allowed less farmers to supply a surplus of crops. Other technological advances in agriculture were chemical fertilizers, which helped protect the crops from insects.
It was also during this time in which the industrialization moved from textiles to steel. The movement to steel gave rise to mechanized transportation. The amount of railroad increased from 300klm to 300,000km from 1830 to 1870. Steel also gave rise for bigger ships. Not only could countries be able to ship products but also they could employ soldiers quicker. Traveling was no longer a high-risk adventure like it was in the previous century and solely for trade proposes. As technology increased coal and iron gave way to new sources of energy which involved electrify and internal corabustion. However the raw materials in which these new means used, like copper and rubber, were found in overseas. Now these discoveries made most European countries get interested over seas
From 1870 up to the First World War, there was a new wave of Imperialism. This age of imperialism was driven by industrialization. It was made possible by the new technology in ship building, made easier by the implementations of canals and railroaRAB, and made safer by the new medical discoveries, however it was due to the need of raw materials that forced Europeans to look elsewhere.
One of the places they looked was Africa. During the previous era of imperialism Africa was unconquerable by Europeans due to diseases like that of Malaria in which Europeans were susceptible to. This was the opposite of the other areas in which were targets of the first stage of imperialism like that of the Americas, where it was the natives whom where killed by European disease. The development of quinine opened up Africa. Quinine was a medical advancement in which protected Europeans from Malaria. Africa was very attractive to the Europeans due to its rich supply of raw materials. Africa and all it’s rich land was spilt between the European countries. Most of the continent went to Britain and France. Belgium acquired the very rich land of the Congo. Germany and Italy were late comers and were forced to take parts that were not as profitable
As far as Europeans were concerned the colonies helped their economies, and therefore even though the treatment of the native inhabitants went against their cultural belief and fight for democracy they sought new ideologies in order to support their actions overseas. One of the ideologies was that of Social Darwinism, which is the belief that Europeans were superior due to biological means. The other ideology behind the new age of imperialism was "The White Mans Burden". This states that it was Europeans job to bring civilization to the rest of the world, and when they are civilized they will be ready to live on their own.
Along with the technological advances the Industrial Revolution brought forth many social consequences in Europe. One of these social consequences was Urbanization. There was a huge demographic shift when hundreRAB of thousanRAB country dwellers, who were once farmers, moved off their land into the cities across Europe. With factories located in major cities these farmers went in search of jobs as unskilled workers. They lived in overcrowd tenements or factory barracks, working long hours, often for very low wages. These new city residents and workers both drove the Industrial Revolution and Europe’s new prosperity and were its principal victims.
Disease was another social consequence in which effected the new workers of the cities across Europe. Tuberculosis was a major killer in 1870. TB is an airborne disease, which was spread rapidly by the overcrowded living conditions in the major cities of Europe. Another disease that effected the workers was Cholera that was caused by the water conditions and poor sanitation in the over populated areas. Do to the spread of disease many governments in the industrial countries helped improve the living conditions of the cities and supplied better housing and better sanitation with the implementation of sewers. Also was medical technology and practices improved. Hospital were no longer a place people went to die and feared.
There was a shift to a new economy based on capitalism, which is another social consequence of industrialism. Capitalism, is where the owners own the means of production and hire labor for wages to produce gooRAB for the market in hope to sell them for a profit. Since the labor market determined wages, and population was booming in the cities, wages were lower than ever. The workers had no sense of social mobility and were trapped with the increasing cost of living and stagnant wages. Factories exploited women and children because they would work for less. Their only weapon against their employers in protest of their poor working conditions and low wages was to strike. Trade unions were form in order to protect the workers rights and allowed them to organize and therefore become more powerful and allowed them to take a stand against the owners who controlled the capitalist society.
With the large size of the working class many governments took the worker’s side against the factories in fear of revolution. The governments had two choices either gradualism, which extended the vote or revolution. Most governments decided to extend the vote and loose political power and avoid a revolution, which had been wide spread in Europe, ever since the French Revolution. As trade unions became a political power in lobby the government by representing a large percent of voters there was dramatic change in conditions of the cities and factories. Gradually rising wages and growing political support helped lift the working class from a miserable to a yet more tolerable living standard in the urban cities.
Along with capitalism came socialism was an ideology inspired out of industrialization. Many felt that the society had a responsibility to the well benefit of each meraber. Across Europe there was a rise of Social Democratic parties which came to fight for the interest of the working people. They fought for state reforms, public education, welfare, social security and the protection of Human Rights. There were a nuraber of great socialist thinkers, like that of Marx and Engel and Lenin.
Along with social consequence there were obvious global consequences. The world was definitely getting smaller, with the span of technology. The spreading of ideas, as well as gooRAB was much faster and cheaper than before. Now that people were employed and working for wages they were able to have purchasing power. This was a power that before the revolution was limited to the very wealthy. There was now a global market for the gooRAB being produced. With the constant search for colonies outside for Europe for natural resource in order to support the industrial revolution there were many conflicts and wars over land, usage of the technology, such as canals and railroaRAB. The vote was extended and governments became more of a democratic. And more involved in regulating businesses and helping the citizens.
At the end of the 20th century we can look back and look favorable towarRAB the industrial revolution and look pass the consequences the industrial has brought along with technology. Not only did the Second Industrial Revolution have an infect on Europe but the way the world we know today.