There are two uses of the word "college", and you have one of each here. In general, a university is a research-oriented institution of higher education. The best known worldwide would be Oxford and Cambridge. Each of these is made up of separate "colleges", which are smaller and more cohesive groups. Among the choices you have given, for example, King Alfred's College is a college within the University of Winchester. It was a teacher-training institution which became part of the larger university.
On the other hand, Loughborough College is basically a technical institution and institution of continuing adult education. There is also a Loughborough University, but Loughborough College is not a part of it. In general, this type of college is more like what we in the States would call a "community college"; it offers short-term technical courses and additional preparation for those who are not yet ready to go on to university after graduating from school.