Carry water & minerals upwards from roots to rest of plant
•Know the Cohesion-tension model (15.6)
oWater evaporates from pores called XX in leaves
This process is called XX
Pores can be opened or closed by the pair of XX cells that surround each pore
oEvaporation causes XX (pull) on water throughout the whole tube, all the way down to the root
oIf there is adequate water near the root, it will be pulled in!
Cells are dead at maturity
oXX
Made of XX tube cells connected end to end
Carry organic nutrients (sugar, etc.) from leaves to rest of plant
•Know the pressure-flow model (15.6)
oSugars are transported from sieve tube cell to cell via the process of XX
oAs sieve tube cells are filled with sugar by XX cells, osmosis brings water in too
oPressure builds in the cells and forces sugar and water out wherever they are needed by other plant cells
Cells are living at maturity
•XX tissue = outer covering of the plant (protection)
oOutermost layer and first to form is the XX
oWaxy XX prevents water loss from shoot system
oStomata allow gas exchange across this tissue
oMonocots versus Eudicots
XX = monocotyledon (one embryonic leaf in each seed) ïƒ* e.g., corn
XX = eudicotyledon (two embryonic leaves in each seed) ïƒ* e.g., beans
•Plant Organs (roots, stems, leaves, reproductive organs)
oPrimary shoots and roots (15.3)
oShoot system = stems, leaves, reproductive organs
Stems specialized for (1) structural support for leaves and (2) housing XX bundles that transport water and food throughout plant
Leaves specialized for XX (consume majority of water, carbon dioxide; need sunlight)
•Bulk of the leaf is XX tissue
•Veins in a leaf are the vascular bundles
•Most leaves have pores called XX on lower surface
oPlants grow throughout their entire lifespan, but only at tips and edges (not throughout the body)
Growth at tips of roots and shoots is called XX growth, which occurs at XX meristems
oRoot system = roots
Specialized for (1) anchoring plant and (2) uptake of water & minerals
Surface area increased by branching of root into very fine “root XXâ€
Vascular bundles are called vascular XX in roots, which can form new lateral root outgrowths
•When roots and shoots grow thicker, this is called XX growth (15.4)
oSpecialized regions called XX meristem produce this growth
In woody plants (trees & shrubs), vascular XX produces secondary xylem & phloem each year
•When you look at the rings in a cut tree trunk, you see a pattern of (annual) rings that are secondary growth made in each growing season (age of the tree= # of rings!)
Produces three regions in the woody stem: bark, wood and pith (from outside to inside)
•XX = phloem and periderm (dermal tissue)
oThis is why you can “tap†a sugar maple and get maple syrup without having to tap very deep!
•XX = xylem
•Plant Nutrition (15.5)
oPlants only require minerals, water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to live!
Minerals can be classified as XX (plant needs lots) or XX (plant needs little)
•Do not need to know whole list, but should know plants need nitrogen & phosphorus
•Plants grow best in soil rich in organic matter called XX, which provides nutrients
oAdaptations of roots for mineral uptake
Plant roots cannot get minerals without help! Two mutualistic relationships:
•Fungi, that form a XX association with the plant roots
oFine fungal hyphae grow around roots, increasing surface area for water & mineral uptake, and dissolving organic matter into forms the plant can use
•Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, that live in root XX (swellings within the root)
oTake N2 (gas) from air and “fix†it into a form the plant can use (dissolved)
•Know the Cohesion-tension model (15.6)
oWater evaporates from pores called XX in leaves
This process is called XX
Pores can be opened or closed by the pair of XX cells that surround each pore
oEvaporation causes XX (pull) on water throughout the whole tube, all the way down to the root
oIf there is adequate water near the root, it will be pulled in!
Cells are dead at maturity
oXX
Made of XX tube cells connected end to end
Carry organic nutrients (sugar, etc.) from leaves to rest of plant
•Know the pressure-flow model (15.6)
oSugars are transported from sieve tube cell to cell via the process of XX
oAs sieve tube cells are filled with sugar by XX cells, osmosis brings water in too
oPressure builds in the cells and forces sugar and water out wherever they are needed by other plant cells
Cells are living at maturity
•XX tissue = outer covering of the plant (protection)
oOutermost layer and first to form is the XX
oWaxy XX prevents water loss from shoot system
oStomata allow gas exchange across this tissue
oMonocots versus Eudicots
XX = monocotyledon (one embryonic leaf in each seed) ïƒ* e.g., corn
XX = eudicotyledon (two embryonic leaves in each seed) ïƒ* e.g., beans
•Plant Organs (roots, stems, leaves, reproductive organs)
oPrimary shoots and roots (15.3)
oShoot system = stems, leaves, reproductive organs
Stems specialized for (1) structural support for leaves and (2) housing XX bundles that transport water and food throughout plant
Leaves specialized for XX (consume majority of water, carbon dioxide; need sunlight)
•Bulk of the leaf is XX tissue
•Veins in a leaf are the vascular bundles
•Most leaves have pores called XX on lower surface
oPlants grow throughout their entire lifespan, but only at tips and edges (not throughout the body)
Growth at tips of roots and shoots is called XX growth, which occurs at XX meristems
oRoot system = roots
Specialized for (1) anchoring plant and (2) uptake of water & minerals
Surface area increased by branching of root into very fine “root XXâ€
Vascular bundles are called vascular XX in roots, which can form new lateral root outgrowths
•When roots and shoots grow thicker, this is called XX growth (15.4)
oSpecialized regions called XX meristem produce this growth
In woody plants (trees & shrubs), vascular XX produces secondary xylem & phloem each year
•When you look at the rings in a cut tree trunk, you see a pattern of (annual) rings that are secondary growth made in each growing season (age of the tree= # of rings!)
Produces three regions in the woody stem: bark, wood and pith (from outside to inside)
•XX = phloem and periderm (dermal tissue)
oThis is why you can “tap†a sugar maple and get maple syrup without having to tap very deep!
•XX = xylem
•Plant Nutrition (15.5)
oPlants only require minerals, water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to live!
Minerals can be classified as XX (plant needs lots) or XX (plant needs little)
•Do not need to know whole list, but should know plants need nitrogen & phosphorus
•Plants grow best in soil rich in organic matter called XX, which provides nutrients
oAdaptations of roots for mineral uptake
Plant roots cannot get minerals without help! Two mutualistic relationships:
•Fungi, that form a XX association with the plant roots
oFine fungal hyphae grow around roots, increasing surface area for water & mineral uptake, and dissolving organic matter into forms the plant can use
•Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, that live in root XX (swellings within the root)
oTake N2 (gas) from air and “fix†it into a form the plant can use (dissolved)