I took earth science 2 years ago but i didnt learn anything and all our tests were open notes so it was a complete joke, but as for the first one, im pretty sure someone who lives further from the equator.
Think about it. I live in Jersey so we have Freezing Winters, Warm Springs, Hot Summers, and Cold autumns. Now we experience all the seasons like we should, now if u move down to Florida its hot - CONSTANTLY. No matter what season, ITS HOT.
Thats just what i think, i could be wrong though. As for the other questions, they are not common sense and i did not learn anything in Earth Science to even remotely begin to help you,