Discuss the emergence of significant states in sub-Saharan Africa (Ghana, Mali, Songhay, Benin) in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Periods (1000-1800), in particular relating them to the development of the gold trade across the Sahara to north Africa and the spread of Islam into this region. Where was (is)Timbuktu, and what are some major elements of its culture in this period that you can gather from your research sites? What contributed to the rise of Swahili culture in east Africa?
Africa in world civilizations?
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