1) It all depends on what type of fish you have. Some fish can be sexed via their ventral fins, their colour, shape of the fins, body shape etc. Other fish can not be visually sexed and you would be lucky enough to find out if you happen to get a male and female that breed.
2) Usually, there are always tell tail signs of a fish being sick. Being aware and vigilant towards your fish's physical nature and behaviour will help you along. Always keep an eye out for abnormalities or oddities like changes in color, cloudy or pop eyes, white and stringy poop, shredded fins, bloody patches, flashing (scratching on rocks), white growths, lethargy, clamped fins, appetite etc. All of these can be an indicator for a sick or dying fish.
3) It is up to you to figure out how much and how often you should feed the particular species of fish you have. Researching the type of fish and their eating habits (amongst other things) you have can save you a lot of problems down the road. Most fish can be fed once a day and not become a glutton and dominate at feeding time. However, there are other fish that don't stop eating until they have filled themselves up to the point of days of constipation and it's your responsibility to know how much to give to these specific types of fish. I've never personally heard of a fish dying from overeating, however that may not make it untrue.
4) Tank lights should not be on for more than 12 hours a day. In fact, 8-10 hours would be best in a tank with out a regiment of light for live plants. Fish must have a day and night just like humans do to rest up and recuperate from the previous day. Keeping the tank lights on 24 hours a day will stress the fish and probably cause you a lot of algal issues.