most of the questions are based on the FV of a single amount formula FV = PV * (1+i/n)^n, where PV is the present value, i is the interest rate per period, and n is number of periods
1) 18,000 * (1.03)^30 = 43,690.72 60,000 * (1.03)^30 = 145,635.70 shortfall of 101,945
2) 50,000 *...