1. a car will most likely overheat without coolant. it would have to be very very cold outside for this to not happen or you would have to be moving at highway speeds on a very cold day
2. yes
It's just from the exhaust coming out, totally normal. If it really bothers you just scrub it off, but it will just come back. It's from the smoke made during the combustion in your engine.
I'm not exactly sure what you're asking, you write like a civil engineer too. (Which is sad because I'm one too)
Typically you could look at the major ordinances and requirements from the EPA, Army Corps., the FHWA, and FEMA. Looking at state agencies like DNR's, DOT's, and major city...
i'm not going to solve it for you, but solve for the amount of time it take for it to fall down 1.3 m strait down. then use this equation:
x = (Vo)t+0.5at^2 to solve for the horizontal speed which is also the speed it was going when it rolled off the table. you can assume horizontal...
I couldn't really understand you, but it sounds like your friend shouldn't be driving. Period.
She's not going to get in trouble, that guy was screwing with her. She should just smile and realize that if she hasn't gotten in trouble yet, she got away with a freebie.