Any level 1 piano book (might call itself level 1, level A, whatever, so long as it's the first book in a series) will show you how to read notes on nice big staves.
Go to a store and pick out a book you like. My teacher had me use the somewhat dubiously named Adult Piano Adventures, which is a...
...doesn't know much? The ideal scope would be from about the year 1900.
I know a bit about what's going on, but not as much as I would like. Since I don't have the advantage of having Middle Eastern culture exported to me, I haven't absorbed much culturally. American culture is broadcast...